Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue

â€Å"Discriminating in favour of members in one sex; assuming a person's abilities and social function are predetermined by his or her sex.† – Definition of sexism taken from the Oxford English Dictionary. Sexism today is everywhere. Our society is extremely sexist. â€Å"1, an organized community; a system of living in this. 2; people of the higher social classes. 3; company, companionship. 4; a group organized for a common purpose.†(also taken from the Oxford English Dictionary), the definition of society, meaning simply states the society as it would be as if it is ideal, but it is far from it if we looked at it from a gender researchers point of view. Times are changing; our society is not as stereotypical as it has been in the past. There have been many changes in society to reduce sexism. In 1918 women finally won the right to vote after fifty-two years of campaigning. In the end women had to resort to methods of violence just to fight for the same rights as men. â€Å"In Victorian times writers (mostly men) were fascinated by the idea of an ideal woman. She was a very desirable creature innocent but sensual, passive but alert, and always obedient to men. Her aim in life was to be a patient and attentive wife, a loving and affectionate mother. Family was everything to her.† (taken from Hodder English 4, Victorian Women.) This shows us just how narrow minded the society was back in Victorian times. Also women's achievements in history are not publicised as much as men's if atall; they are now, but not as much as they should do In the English language there are lots of sexist words, for example the word ‘history'. This word ‘history' implies that all of the past is to do with men and not women. ‘Human' is also a sexist word and so is ‘woman', both of those words contain ‘man'. Here is a list of some sexist words in the English language: ‘human', ‘history', ‘woman', ‘mankind', ‘Walkman'. As we can see the English language is very ‘man' dominated. When people talk of God, ‘He' is wrote about and not ‘She' or ‘It'. ‘He' is always referred to as a male. The Bible itself is sexist, â€Å"And God said, let us make MAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . With women appearing as â€Å"an helpmeet†. All the sexism in language which is used to offend the same sex is of an opposing sex nature. For example men call other men ‘girls' if they are not as capable as they are in something, for example sports. There is a video about sexism and at the beginning of it the words ‘girls don't swear' came up in big bold lettering, which is clearly not true, society thinks females cannot be as grotesque as men but obviously they can. It seems to be acceptable for men to swear but if a women does it, she is sinned upon. On television programs which have swearing contained in them, mostly all of it is scripted to the males, and the women do not have hardly any swearing scripted to them. It also seems that women are not treated with as much respect as men are. If a woman is blonde they are thought to be ‘dumb', whereas a blonde man would not even be thought to be ‘dumb'. In the past women were not even entitled to the right to a free education, this changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, but black women were not entitled to a free education until the middle of the twentieth century. This shows us that women did not have as much respect as men and that still carries on today, but not as severely. Women are thought to stay at home and cook while the husband is at work. This is changing now partly because there is a considerable amount of male chefs on television. Young girls are thought to be very delicate, and are described as food, whereas young boys are thought to be rough and dirty and are described as animals: Girls â€Å"Sugar and spice and all things nice, thats what little girls are made of!† Boys â€Å"Slugs and snails and puppy dog's tails, that's what little boys are made of!† Clearly whoever wrote these little sayings had a very narrow mind, and the time in society in which these were wrote was very narrow-minded. When women are described as food they are described as sweet foods such as; crumpets and honey. When women are described as animals they are described as animals which are thought as to be ugly and medalling: cow, minx, dog. Men are never described as food, but they are described as animals which are thought to be dirty and slimy: slugs, snails. Men are very rarely described as sexuality but women are quite commonly. Some of the words which describe women as sexuality are: ‘tramp', ‘dyke', ‘lesbian', ‘slag', ‘tit', ‘slut', ‘whore', ‘hooker'. There are no words that describe men as sexuality, but it offends men to be called a ‘woman'. This implies that women are thought to be considerably weaker than men. Even middle-aged men call each other ‘little girls' if they are not as strong as another, for example. You cannot call a man the same names as a woman can be called e.g. ‘slag' which is very sexist. Men brag, gender is about power. Many people think when baby boys play with cars and when baby girls play with dolls it is nature. It could be nature but most things which are input into babies are from their parents, so it is most likely to be nurture. Also with babies it is expected that boys where blue and girls wear pink, if a boy wears pink people automatically think it is a girl and visa versa, it just shows how predigest our society is. The same applies for older males and females. Girls can wear trousers but boys cannot wear skirts, that is extremely sexist. Children's books mainly aim themselves at the different genders simply by their titles. ‘Ms Muffet' is â€Å"supposed† to be for girls, and ‘Fireman Sam' is â€Å"supposed† to be for boys. The media is extremely sexist, first of all starting with newspapers. At the beginning of every issue of â€Å"The Sun†, there is a half naked woman. Never a man, always a woman. Also the whole newspaper is aimed at men, the newspaper concentrates on women, and male dominated sport. Women's sport is never publicised on television, radio or in the newspaper. This could be because, it does not have an interest in people's lives. Newspaper articles are sexist in many ways, and in mostly all the newspapers which are sold. An article in ‘The Daily Mail' publicised on Thursday, February, 24th, 2000, was about women making men redundant i.e. women working instead of staying at home doing housework. The article also comments on how men are taking women's roles', â€Å"Everywhere we look these days, we see the complete feminisation of men.† The ‘Daily Star' newspaper is also aimed at men. It has countless pictures of women (clothed and un-clothed), male dominated sports and adverts for men's magazines. In one particular issue, (Saturday, September, 28, 2002), there was an article supposed to be about a golfer, but was mostly about his girlfriend, â€Å"Tiger Woods' gorgeous girlfriend Ellin Nordegren.† Another article in ‘The Evening Echo' publicised Wednesday, February, 2nd, 2002, was about a woman who worked in a post office who had to battle just for the right to wear trousers, â€Å"they can wear trousers and will not now be facing a disciplinary hearing.† This quote shows just how sexist our society is, women having to battle just to wear trousers. On television there are mostly male newsreaders though sometimes on the odd occasion there might be a man and a woman reading it together. The news on television, again only reports on male dominated sports with a female presenter, which shows who the sports are aimed at. I think our society is extremely sexist, but it is getting better, we have moved on very far since the Victorian times. But some people live their lives in the past and are a lot more sexist than others.

Media Use in Identity Construction Essay

In society today the construction of a personal identity can be seen to be somewhat problematic and difficult. Young people are surrounded by influential imagery, especially that of popular media. It is no longer possible for an identity to be constructed merely in a small community and only be influenced by family. Nowadays, arguably everything concerning out lives is seen to be ‘media-saturated’. Therefore, it is obvious that in constructing an identity young people would make use of imagery derived from the popular media. For example, it is becoming increasingly common for young children to have their own television and music systems in their bedrooms whilst also having easy and frequent access to magazines especially aimed at the ‘developing’ child and/or teenager. Such young people would also have a way of accessing the Internet be it at school or sometimes at home. However, it is fair to say that in some instances the freedom of exploring the web could be limited depending on the choice of the parents or teachers. So, if young people have such frequent access and an interest in the media, it is fair to say that their behaviour and their sense of ‘self’ will be influenced to some degree by what they see, read, hear or discover for themselves. Such an influence may include a particular way of behaving or dressing to the kind of music a person chooses to listen to. These are all aspects which go towards constructing a person’s own personal identity. By close investigation into the popular media, and by using two specific examples of a popular teen magazine and a recent ‘teenage’ hit single that got to number 2 in the British charts, I intend to illustrate the various ways in which young people make use of imagery derived from popular media in the construction of their identities.

Victorian to Modern changes in Literature Essay

Victorian to Modern changes in Literature - Essay Example The Victorian literature forms the transition between the romantic period and the much different literature of the 20th century such as the Modernist Literature. The literature of the Victorian era had several shared characteristics; The Victorian literature is also more practical and seems to reflect an increased closeness and interest to daily practical problems in human life. The literature is used as an instrument to indicate human progress especially in an era where industrialism was rising while various societal issues such as women’s rights and child labor among others were getting more scrutiny from the public (Browning & Ada 121). The Victorian literature depicts a more idealistic approach to life despite the era being described as practical. Most writers such as poets, novelists, and essayists emphasize more on ideals such as truth, justice, brotherhood and love among others. A good example is seen in Tennyson’s poem Ulysses, where he emphasizes the ideal life that could provide him with more freedom to travel and adventure (Gupta 68). For the purpose of analysis of this era, the discussion will segment it into three parts; the early, middle and late Victorian era. In the early era, the British Empire was undergoing a period of economic prosperity with the several industrialization work taking place during this time. For example, the empire was having various infrastructural developments such as railway-making, construction works and coal mining processes. The era was also characterized by a widespread poor living and working conditions, child labor and unfair treatment of women. The literature during this era was more focused on the celebration of the English people and their superiority in the world. In the mid-Victorian period, the major changes were seen due to the enactment of the Factory Acts which saw changes such as restriction of child labor among others.

Asperser Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Asperser Syndrome - Essay Example Asperser Syndrome Understanding of students and pupils by particular teachers is equally significant in repairing relation and socialization of different learners. Aspergers Syndrome is one such disorder that calls for teacher’s attention in determining the appropriate methods of ensuring perfect service delivery to all students in a school set up. In the views of Donaldson, Asperger Syndrome is a serious disorder that interferes with the individuals’ socialization, communication and flexibility in behavioural and thinking that makes the victims process information in an awkward manner. Studying Asperger Syndrome in students enables the education officials to monitor and handle particular victims in a sensible manner with sole intents of motivating students to excel in studies. Studying Asperger Syndrome in students also enables teachers to encourage replenishment of communication skills of particular victims of AS. In order to achieve designed goals set by various education sectors in e nsuring that every youth obtain education in life, there are a number of policies, which every operation should roll when handling the Asperger Syndrome students. According to Madriaga et al (7), one of the policies set by the government extends to the higher education institutions given the responsibilities of enforcing the disability equality in various institutions. Creation of Disability Equality Duty has developed legal paths that can be followed by the higher education institutions protecting culture and encouraging diversity within various learning institutions.... It is important for teachers to get the necessary tools and equipments they need to enable them achieve exemplary practice in learning, teaching and carrying out assessment. This policy will ensure that teachers obtain deep and clear understanding of students with AS disorder and arrange for inclusion plan by allocating distinct time for teaching the AS students. Certain policies advocate for compulsory training of teachers on matters concerning AS since the formation of the Disability Discrimination Act. The policy further requires teachers to get trained on the other courses that relate to the safety measures of the AS students and environment in general. Coupled massive increase in population of the AS students joining higher education institutions, particular policy requires specific schools dealing with AS students to take responsibilities of transforming their specific environments into positive social arena. It is vital that governments allocate particular allowances for AS st udents who may intend to further their education into colleges and universities (Madriaga et al 7). The policy outlined also proposes that before AS students get admission into their respective higher education centres, they should get information on the contemporary allowance to assure them of their speciality in the society. These allowances will also encourage and motivate AS students who show exceptional determination and efforts to learn more. The policy further recommends that AS students should be accorded high attention in order to keep in line with the recurrent needs and supporting their creative thinking capabilities (Madriaga et al

How does new technology help the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How does new technology help the Arts - Essay Example As a result, interactions between artists and technologists determined the impact of the computer (digital) technology on creative process. Today many artists and digital media specialists agree that technology helps the arts. They point out at the context of the digital society we now live in and how it influences the ways the art gets created, marketed, produced, supported, preserved, distributed, as well as transformed. This paper explores how new technology and digital media help the arts. Objectives The objectives of this research paper were as follows: Provide an overview of contemporary knowledge on the topic of the impact of technology on the arts and on the topic of how technology helps the arts. Determine how new technologies affect the arts in a positive way The paper was intended to provide response to the following question: What positive impacts and what opportunities has technology created/ is creating for the arts, artists, the public, etc? Approach and Methodology It was determined to focus the paper on modern, in particular digital technologies and shape the scope of the research with emphasis on the arts. It was reinforced that the paper should provide information with reference to various arts, various art disciplines, and various art practices if possible. Also, it was reinforced that the research should concentrate on how technology influences creation, production and different ways in which artworks reach the general public. Throughout the research, the author reviewed English-language material and researched publicly-released data from UK and international sources; synthesized information. B. ARTS AND TECHNOLOGIES: LOGICS OF HYBRIDIZATION The hybridization of technology and the arts, as it has been assumed in modern studies, began in the 15th century with the invention of printing and distribution. Connection of the literary tradition with distributive power of the printing technology changed the whole European civilization. The value of cultural hybridization as the fundamental logic of cultural change has been convincingly demonstrated in the research by Marshall McLuhan (McLuhan, 1962; McLuhan, 2001). In particular, using an example of the distribution of the press, McLuhan demonstrates the decisive role of this technology in the cultural dynamics of the period between the 15t and 19th centuries. In the scholarly terminology, the printing technology may be described as the first level of the hybrid of technology and art. In its essence, the printing technology does not define the aesthetic content of art work distribution, yet its use can well have an impact on the artistic content which is being distributed (here: the literature in its broadest meaning), transforming the form of distribution in purely independent art (for example, graphic design, fonts). It may then stimulate the expansion of the variety of literary forms, available in printed format. In addition, the advent of printing marked a fundamental shi ft from the ancient ‘techno’ and technology - which were about the finesse and skill of a human working with his hand to deliver the product of creativity - to technology which became the logics of self-alienated production. This way it may well be thought to be a harbinger of the machine age (Benjamin, 2008). At the end of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century art’s hybridization with technology shifted to a new level in the aesthetics of cinema. Cinema evolved as a

Analysis of the demonstration of philosophy in Platos Alcibiades Essay

Analysis of the demonstration of philosophy in Platos Alcibiades - Essay Example The dialogue provides the reader with an insight to the truth of ethics. The dialogue serves as the best means of discussion about such an abstract term as â€Å"ethics†, because the reader gains the most rational understanding of ethics based on his/her personal analysis of each and every aspect of the whole dialogue instead of the author convincing the audience by imposing his/her beliefs on it through the text. The articles presents a dialogue between Alcibiades, a young and energetic man, and Socrates who astonishes Acibiades by making him contradict his own beliefs, based upon which, Alcibiades was all set to guide the Athenians. Socrates expresses his lack of faith in Alcibiades’ premature assertions, realizing which Alcibiades makes an attempt to address the query of Socrates. Socrates first makes Alcibiades think of the division between just and unjust, and then between just and expedient. Alcibiades feels very confident in his concepts of these terms but looses his confidence as Socrates plays with words to turn the meanings opposite. This leads both of them to an argument in which Socrates confuses Alcibiades with concepts, beliefs and experiences in such a way that Alcibiades feels like loosing his argument to Socrates in the end, and makes a confession that he knows too little to influence the Athenians, and chooses Socrates as his â€Å"master†. An in-depth analysis of the dialogue suggests that Socrates’s arguments were too generic and often misleading, though Alcibiades did not realize it in the heat of discussion. Socrates’s arguments reflect idealism. He tends to draw conclusions by slithering the concepts through such paths which were full of pitfalls.

Understanding the class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding the class - Essay Example I prepared a few questions which I anticipated to be asked by the instructor so as to be o track during the class session. I tried as much to resist any distractions. I did this by sitting in a position of class where disruptive classmates are away from. I always put myself in the learning mood, focused on the instructor. I listened actively and took short notes in order for me to comprehend more. During the course of the semester, I shifted my position quite often for to remain alert during class time and tried not to distract myself by use of a phone or talking to my neighbor. During the class sessions, I learned that love involves feelings and emotions. It is a powerful affection of which makes one to be happy and show contentment. Knowing happiness means feeling cheerful and contentment in a manner that one feels satisfied. Love also is a form of human compassions and kindness. This explains how through it, we can feel the fullness of life. Love as a noun describes something adorable. Love as noun means that it is adoring feeling of deep affection between two people. It refers to another person as a beloved person involving desire. It can be something liked or showing affectionate concern toward others. Love as a verb is an action. This means that love expressing love towards another person or something. The action of showing love or showing affection explains love as a verb. As a verb, love can be used within the context of action whereby two people are involved in kissing or embracing each other. By attending class sessions, I understood that sexual identity is important for the development of an individual in terms of self-esteem and one’s self confidence. Sexual identity gives a person an opportunity to understand who they are and who they are sexually attracted to. Personal identity is defined by sexual identity of an individual. The two go hand in hand in that personal

Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions model in relation to Jordanian culture Essay

Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions model in relation to Jordanian culture - Essay Example The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is one such nation in the Arab world which is currently promoting itself as an attractive venue for Foreign Direct Investments, especially in the Information & Communication Technology (ITC) industry and the tourism industry (Al-Jaghoub & Westrup 2003). Lead by the charismatic leader, King Abdullah, the country is poised today to capitalize from the growing world market for software and information technology products, which can be catered through the abundance of high caliber human capital endowment the country is in possessing with. The aim is to attract companies from America and Europe in to investing in the country’s ITC sector and act as a hub for ITC activities in the region to cater the needs of not only the US and European customers but also the rest of the Arab world (REACH 2000). However, the success of these cross-cultural FDI ventures and other forms of business dealings depend heavily upon how well the host country and the investi ng country manage to integrate their operations and manage their human resource in to high performance. Therefore such business ventures require a high level of awareness and sensitivity to the diverse national cultures, which bears upon the manner in which business dealings are conducted. Success of cross-cultural business dealings will depend upon a deep understanding of the national cultures and a mutual respect, which should form the backbone of all forms of business strategies including the HRM strategies (Hill 2003).

Henri Fayol and his continued relevance in an evolved system Essay

Henri Fayol and his continued relevance in an evolved system - Essay Example This analysis will concur with the latter assessment as it is this author’s belief that although Fayol could probably not have conceived of our current economic system, his functions of management are as essentially relevant to a service oriented economy as they were an industrial economy. Fayol’s functions of management are as follows: 1- To forecast and plan; 2- To organize; 3- To command; 4- To coordinate; 5- To control. As such, consider a business manager today (whether the business be an IT support center, or a steel mill) has very much the same managerial tasks. Imagine the tasks that these managers are responsible for on a daily basis. Though the industries are nearly at the polar opposite ends of the spectrum, management’s tasks remain incredibly similar. The manager must forecast and plan, i.e. the manager must be able to draw inference from incoming inputs and use those inputs to forecast future actions (Amsden et al, 1996). Regardless of the industry, this remains a primary function of management and one that simply cannot be disregarded. Likewise, the manager of both aforementioned firms must organize tasks and employees and teams to complete those assigned tasks. Without organizational skill, direction is lost and management becomes impossible. Accordingly, the ability of a manager to command the progress and workflow remains a vital component of ensuring that the work is performed according to the rubric laid out in the planning and forecasting function. Furthermore, without coordination of people, teams, and workflow, it is nearly impossible to imagine any task (whether at a high end service company or a basic industrial firm) would ever be completed satisfactorily. Lastly, with respect to control, regardless of the type of firm the manager is responsible for governing, he/she must necessarily receive feedback upon the overall process and adjust his/her methods and inputs accordingly. Because these principles of management a re so basic, so intrinsic to the overall notion of proper direction in a firm, it is hard to imagine a world in which the guiding principles of Fayol would not be manifest (Gannon et al, 1999). In short, due to the simplicity of these functions, they retain the utmost relevance even in today’s service driven economy. In their work, â€Å"Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management†, Parker and Ritson determined that Fayol’s works were far more visionary and insightful than previously thought. They determined that elements of Fayol’s analysis transcended the boundaries of the era of industrial management which Fayol was speaking. Further, the study uncovered, â€Å"traces of ideas and concepts that anticipated aspects of the human relations movement, systems-based contingency theory, the movement towards greater employee involvement in decision-making and elements of knowledge management† (Parker/Ritson, 2005). Rather than Fayol being mer ely considered as a father of management theory, the analysis gives evidence for the fact that Fayol’s writings, personal background, career, and ideas all lend credence to the fact that he was more forward-thinking and visionary as to the evolution of management than most sources give

Franz Kavka, Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Franz Kavka, - Term Paper Example Kafka, despite reverberating in all his greatness, was always consumed by the fact that death was absolute and approaching him almost all the time. He soon became obsessed with the fact and put forth a number of statements with respect to killing Jews all around him. In one of the articles chosen, it has been mentioned that, â€Å"Sometimes I'd like to stuff all Jews (myself included) into a drawer of a laundry basket-then open it to see if they've suffocated.† (Karra) Even in his works, for example in Metamorphosis, he talks about the emotional death that every man must face during the course of his lifetime. He also tries to show that it is not necessarily a bad thing; and that it is the doom that must fall upon all of mankind eventually. He tries to portray that a person can avoid and be free from death if he is crazy enough to commit suicide. He was sick of society, and on a different level, a little scared as well. This was because he was afraid to publish his works publi cly and have them read and criticized by other people around him. Kafka spent a great amount of time trying to improve the image that he had created for himself around the people he lived with. He was also a hypochondriac, leading him to his infatuation with death subsequently. He feared losing himself in something he did not want to. He thus feared death as much as he welcomed it. Even though he resented Jews and openly wrote and talked about killing them and doing away with all of them including him, he did not foresee the Holocaust which took place soon after his death. The Holocaust had perhaps taken base on his ideas, who knows, because Kafka talked about suffocating Jews and that is exactly what happened in the gas chambers of the concentration and extermination camps set up by Hitler. In Metamorphosis however, Kafka has presented a completely different version of his character Gregor from that of himself. He writes that Gregor is a very socially acceptable man and is trying t o make his own way in life and society. As Gregor is transformed into an insect, or his metamorphosis begins, he begins to see how no one is ready to take him for who he is. An insect is an unwanted bug by everyone, and soon he is kicked out of his own home by his parents and nobody within the society is willing to accept him for who he might be. No one can hear him or understand what he was trying to say either. Much the same way, according to Marx, â€Å"In small numbers, an animal so defenceless as evolving man might struggle along even in conditions of isolation.† Due to this, Gregor dies out of loneliness and isolation as he is not able to survive anymore, and this death is his pathway to freedom and liberation from the clutches and shackles of society that had bound him to surviving according to the needs and desires of other people. (Kafka, Franz) The concept of hunger artists have also been explained in this book as an artist who has been fasting during the time that he has been looking out for people who are interested in his work of art. Soon however, he dies because no one wills to show any interest, and the artist is forced to retreat back to his cage and suffer alone there. Kafka was an absurd man who never enjoyed what he really wrote himself.

Changes In The Land By Cronon Review Essay Example for Free

Changes In The Land By Cronon Review Essay Changes in the Land by William Cronon offers countless intimate observations and gatherings regarding the ecology of New England and the encounters between the colonists and the native americans. Cronon interprets and analyzes the different happenings in New Englands plant and animal environments that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. As the distant world and inhabitants of Europe were introduced to North Americas ecosystem, the boundaries between the two were blurred. Cronon uses an arsenal of evidence to discuss the circumstances that brought upon drastic ecological consequences following European contact with New England. Cronon made use of reports and records in addition to scientific data as evidence for his arguments. Court records, town hall records, descriptions by travelers, surveyor records, etc. proved invaluable to Cronons arguments. Europeans saw the land from an economic standpoint and tended to focus upon merchantable commodities, ignoring economically insignificant aspects of nature. Cronon stated that the environment the Europeans first encountered in New England stunned them. Early descriptions were restricted to the coastline, but the accounts all agreed on the astounding level of animal and plant life in New England. The european settlers were not used to so much untamed land, as landscape for hunting in England was reserved to large landowners and the Crown. Heavy forests covered the New England terrain, which was also new to the settlers, as England had exhausted most of its timber as fuel. European settlers were struck by the absence of domesticated animals, which played a vital role in European agriculture. The European settlers and the Indians had different values on life and had differing opinions on how they should use the land around them. According to Cronon, Many  European visitors were struck by what seemed to them the poverty of Indians who lived in the midst of a landscape endowed so astonishingly with  abundance The Europeans often criticized the Indian way of life. They failed to understand why the Indians willingly went hungry during the winter months when they knew food scarcity was impending. The settlers were impressed by the frequent burnings the Indians performed in the f orest, which allowed for better hunting grounds and planting fields. However, the settlers criticized the division of labor between the Indian males and females. The Europeans practiced land ownership, while most Indians believed merely in territorial rights. To the Indians, people owned what they made with their own hands. Agricultural fields, gathering areas, and fishing sites could be owned, but unique patterns were formed for the hunting of different animals. The settlers were either granted their land by the crown, or they purchased it from the natives. This very act by the crown of granting land with no consideration of prior ownership demonstrates both the views of Europeans towards land-use and their disregard for the Indians claims to it. Instead of the seasonal migration that the Indians practiced, European settlers strove to improve the land. This meant a greater use of agriculture than the Indians. The use of livestock such as cattle, hogs, and sheep to the environment was also introduced. The Europeans destroyed large swaths of forest in order to provide space for crops and pasture. Forests were used for fences, ships masts, potash, and fuel. Deforestation killed Indian hunting grounds, forever changing their way of life. Deforestation altered microclimates, hydrology, and soil mechanics. Swamps developed in previously dry places, promoting disease in those areas. Trade had a profound affect on the area, forcing Indians to put prices on certain items for the first time. Europeans traded wampum from the Long Island Sound up  into New England in exchange for products such as furs. Indian economies were now tied to international markets, and they had an incentive to produce more than just self-sufficient numbers of products. Technology also made hunting increasingly easier. Animal populations in New England were strained, and in several instances were overhunted. The fur trade in the north dried up by the end of the 17th century, and even the deer populations were diminishing. As trade goods dried up, Indians were forced to give up their only remaining  commodity-land. By far the most dangerous organisms that the Europeans carried to America were diseases. The first recorded epidemic in New England took place in the south in 1616. Depopulation promoted conditions of turmoil while also justifying the European seizure of Indian lands. As the Indian populations diminished, edges returned to the forest, further harming the local animal populations. Attacks by colonists and intertribal warfare concentrated Indians into denser, more permanent settlements, which promoted the spread of disease. Invasions by European animals required that the Indians build fences to protect their crops. Now living in permanent, fenced-in, and densely populated settlements, the Indian way of life was more similar to that of Europe than to their original way of life.

The Story of an Hour Essay Example for Free

The Story of an Hour Essay The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is about a woman named Mrs. Mallard, who learns that her just died in an accident. As I continued to read the story I learned that Mrs. Mallard, was not your ordinary grieving widow, she is actually somewhat happy of the news of her husband’s death. Chopin uses symbolism and irony to show readers the world through Mrs. Mallard’s eyes. Symbolism was a strong term in the story, mainly because Chopin uses symbols in many of her paragraphs. Also the author uses irony to get readers to understand why she is so happy that she is free of her husband. The two literary elements that are prevalent in the story is symbolism and irony because Chopin uses them the most to create different feelings in the readers’ minds. In the â€Å" Story of an Hour† Chopin uses symbolism as much as she can throughout the story. The symbolism begins when Chopin says â€Å" the delicious breath of rain was in the air† (23). I believe this means she is about to start a new life, and that she can finally start living for herself. Another example, is â€Å" there stood facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair† (23). The open window symbolizes being open to change; the adjectives roomy and comfortable symbolizes a feeling of being embraced, a feeling of love and security. While looking through the window Chopin describes other symbols such as: The warm weather which suggest life rather then the cold of winter that symbolizes death. I believe the quote â€Å" were all quiver with the new spring life† (23), symbolizes a new life to come, or maybe something new and exciting was about to happen in her life. The setting of a â€Å" delicious breath of rain† in the air refers to the calmness and quietness after the storm (23). I believe Chopin uses that to refer to Mr. Mallard’s death and the new life she will have now that she is free of him. Another thing outside the window are the â€Å" singing of birds† and â€Å" the distant song of someone who was singing (23). This symbolizes a feeling of relief that she is finally free of her husband, almost as if a burden has been lifted from her shoulders. In the story, Mrs. Mallard is described as being â€Å" a fair, calm face† (23), symbolizing beauty and innocence. I believe Chopin used the symbols in an underlying way to give the readers a feeling empathy for Mrs. Mallard. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† this is much irony used throughout the story. Irony is first detected in the way Mrs. Mallard reacts to the death of her husband. Instead of reacting like a typical grieving widow, she accepts it and wants to be alone in her room, where she visualizes her life being better off without him rather than missing him. Another example, of irony is when Mrs. Mallard whispers, â€Å" free, free, free† (23). But as the story continues, we learn that ironically she really isn’t free because Mr. Mallard didn’t die after all. Another thing that is ironic is when the doctors say she died of the â€Å"joy that kills† (24). In reality the doctors are correct, but they don’t understand what joy actually killed her, it wasn’t the joy of her husband being alive, but rather that she was finally able to live her life without him. The recognized irony in the story was the fact that Mrs. Mallard was excited about her new life, but ironically she only gets to enjoy her new life for an hour before she dies. In closing, Chopin uses symbolism and irony to get the readers to understand the underlying message that she was trying to get across. Symbolism and irony are two very important literary elements because they provide the story with incite and heighten the readers expectations and interest throughout the story. I feel that Chopin did a very good job in implementing irony and symbolism into the story especially when trying to get the readers to view the world through Mrs. Mallard’s eyes and to describe her state of being regarding her husband’s death.

Customer Relationship Management in Volkswagen

Customer Relationship Management in Volkswagen A Critical Evaluation of Customer Relationship Management in the Volkswagen Group Introduction Regardless of what industry or business one would elect to select, the one key as well as critical component that is present as well as common to all is the ‘customer’. Peter Drucker (1954, p. 64) expressed the foregoing when he stated that â€Å"†¦ the purpose of a firm is to create and serve customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The preceding might seem all too obvious, yet it is a concept that repeatedly seems to become lost in terms of a company’s marketing focus. The resources spent in terms of advertising budgets to create consumer awareness, trial and to win them over represents the beginning rather than the objective of marketing. Initially, marketing might not seemingly represent a consideration with regard the management of a customer relationship at Volkswagen, until one views it in context. Referring back to Peter Drucker’s (1954) statement, the process starts at the very beginning, and this entails the marketing of the product, goods or service to the prospective customer. This is in terms of whether the customer is presently with the company or not as competing brands are consistently on the hunt for customers outside of their existing base and this represents those that are presently within your company’s fold. Thus, the examination of the management of a customer relationship in the context of Volkswagen shall look at the entire environment in which the preceding occurs, and refer to an example within this genre. The process shall endeavor to critically evaluate the example from an historical context and then make recommendations as to how that process might have been improved or enhanced utilizing the contemporary understandings of customer relationship management practice and theory. In order to understand the process of managing a customer relationship, it is imperative that one has a grasp of the environment in which that context lives. Marketing is defined as a process which entails the â€Å"†¦ planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marketing on the Internet, 2006) of products, goods and or services, and via which a company seeks â€Å"†¦ events to create and maintain relationships that †¦ satisfy individual and organizational objectives† (Marketing on the Internet, 2006). The preceding provides an understanding of the broader conceptual ramifications that entail the marketing process. (Morris et al (2001, P. 98) have upgraded this definition in consort with contemporary views and applications whereby the function has been defined and equated as a set of activities that create value. They indicate that today’s understanding and application of the marketing process is more complex as well as complicated, and state that â€Å" Organizations must make fundamental decisions regarding how to approach different market segments and individual customers† Morris et al (2001, P. 98). Their expanded definition goes on to add â€Å"The conventional wisdom is that the marketer is no longer interested in making a sale or achieving a transaction, but instead must focus on relationship marketing† Morris et al (2001, P. 98). Buttle’s (1996) overall view is that relationship marketing is yet to prove itself, but that vision was almost a decade ago. According to Professor Adrian Payne of Cranfield University, (2003) there has been research that has been conducted that indicates that just a five percent (5%) increase with regard to the retaining of customers represents a net profit yield in the range of twenty percent (20%) to one hundred and twenty-five percent (125%) (Payne, 2003). The foregoing is slightly more conservatively calculated by Reichheld et al (1990, Pp 105-111) who indicate that a five percent (5%) improvement with respect to customer retention yields a profitability increase of between twenty-five percent (25%) and eighty-five percent (85%), which they state depends upon the particular industry. The value of customer retention, and thus efforts directed at maintaining such, customer relationship management, has been equated by Buchanan et al (1990) who indicated that the foregoing results in an increase in profitability as a result of: The fact that the cost to acquire a customer occurs at the inception of the relationship, therefore the longer said relationship remains in force, the initial cost becomes amortized. The costs of maintaining the customer declines in terms of a percentage of total revenue. Research has indicated that the longer a relationship is maintained with a customer, the less inclined they become to switch. In addition to the foregoing, they also tend to become less sensitive to price. The foregoing translates into a more stable base of unit sales volume as well as an increase in terms of revenue sales volume. Longer-term customers are more likely to engage in word-of-mouth discussions regarding the product or company, thus potentially resulting in referrals. Longer term customers are also more likely to wind up making purchases of other products, services or goods offered, as well as trading up or purchasing higher profit products, goods or services. Longer-term customers, on average, tend to be more satisfied with the company and as a result are less inclined to switch to competing brands. The foregoing makes it increasingly difficult for competitors to make inroads in a company’s customer base the longer the relationship lasts. Longer-term customers are usually less expensive in terms of servicing as they are familiar with the processes within the company and thus require less indoctrination and or education. The benefits of a longer-term customer relationship results in easier job related tasks for employees and higher degrees of satisfaction in dealing with customers who have a long relationship with the firm. The foregoing view is also shared by Chye et al (20002, Pp 1-27) who state that Customer Relationship Management is the method via which to develop customer relationships. They define Customer Relationship Management as â€Å"†¦ the process of predicting customer behavior and selecting actions to influence that behavior to benefit the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Chye et al (20002, Pp. 18). They further state that the Internet has greatly increased the performance and enhancement aspects of Customer Relationship Management as it provides database information and is available as an additional avenue via which to provide further service to customers in an unobtrusive manner. The Internet also permits the customer relationship manager, and company, to maximize the performance of Customer Relationship Management tools and processes through more precise data collection and segmentation methodologies which results in being able to target customer needs, preferences and predict probabilities for a more proactive approach based upon the foregoing, rather than the traditional reactive mode. Through the preceding, the Customer Relationship Department as well as employees can strategize the appropriate courses of action to be in advance of customer needs, or have the appropriate solutions or responses prepared and waiting. The preceding also increases the relative performance of individual employees within the function thus making its overall effectiveness in terms of customer satisfaction enhanced, thus further aiding bottom line performance. Storbacka et al (2001, P 8) sum up the Customer Relationship Management practice in the following statement â€Å"The aim of CRM is to develop a common process, the idea being that when the relationship is developed, both sides win.† The relative similarities between competing products in the automotive industry provide a perfect example of the importance of effective and well-planned Customer Relationship process. With the right strategies in place an automotive company can create an effective differentiation with respect to competitors through providing extraordinary service. The preceding is made possible through new technologies, such as the Internet, whereby personalized service can be provided as well as anticipated as a result of the warehousing of customer information, prior contacts and original order data (Jackson, 2003, P 71). And with information technology as well as the Internet are providing new dimensions to the Customer Relationship Management practice, the importance of personal contact as well as personal service are and remain the critical components in achieving and maintaining customer satisfaction. â€Å"†¦ the increasing availability of modern technology †¦(makes)†¦it relatively easy to compete on product. What they find more difficult to do is compete on service†¦Ã¢â‚¬  states Freemantle (1992, P 15). He adds that â€Å"†¦ service not only depends on modern technology, but also the attitude of its people, and therefore the capability of its managers.† (Freemantle, 1992, P 15). The Value of Customer Relationship Management Drawing on a consultancy relationship that existed between the advertising agency for the Volkswagen company, the opportunity to see as well as be involved in the first hand observation as well as participation of the importance of Customer Relationship Management was provided as a result of research being conducted to gather the views and opinions of customers with regard to the service aspect of the company’s business. In so doing the task was assigned of managing a small base of customers who had just purchased vehicles in consort with the company’s policies at the time. The objective was to equate the reactions as well as attitudes of customers and their viewpoints along with positive and negative reactions to the company, its policies and the product. The period of time that the preceding was undertaken, which can be commented upon from an historical perspective, was when Volkswagen was experiencing problems in integrating a new model into its line up. The year tha t the preceding customer relationship consulting arrangement occurred was in 2000. The customer relationship example shall be referred to as Mr. Smith. He was a 52-year-old schoolteacher, married with two children who had graduated college. He lived in a modest one family home in the suburbs and represented the average VW customer profile. The 2000 Volkswagen Jetta was his first experience with any foreign vehicle, having previously owned Ford and General Motors products. Mr. Smith represented one of the portfolio of customers assigned as part of the afore indicated marketing analysis observation. Mr. Smith’s first contact came within the first month of his Volkswagen Jetta purchase as he called to schedule a service appointment to fix the air conditioning system that was not working. He also indicated that there was a problem with the driver’s side rear door latch. Mr. Smith’s appointment was scheduled for free warranty service for the following day, as a result of the air conditioning emergency. Mr. Smith was called the next day after the ser vice appointment as asked about his rating of the visit in terms of his issues being resolved, promptness in handling, his rating of the service done and satisfaction. Mr. Smith indicated that all the areas asked were satisfactory and that the car was working perfectly. The next contact with Mr. Smith came approximately three (3) weeks after the initial call. The contact was to express his dissatisfaction with the air conditioning system as the cooling level since the repair was average on warm days and barely adequate on hot days. He indicated that he did not pay much attention to the foregoing as he primarily drove the car to work in the mornings and by the afternoon the temperatures were cooler. His compliant came about as a result of a weekend trip where he was subject to 95-degree temperatures and stated he was perspiring the entire time. Mr. Smith also stated that the car exhibited severe hesitation during the hot drive and stopped functioning entirely on two occasions whereby he pulled over and after the car cooled down, it restarted. He was particularly unhappy that a local Volkswagen dealership could not assist him as he was on the road and asked that we schedule a service appointment. Mr. Smith’s extreme displeasure was a result of being under a new car warranty and unable to get any assistance which he claimed was never a problem with his former Buick LeSabre. He requested an immediate service appointment and a loaner vehicle so that he could get back to work. Under the terms of his Volkswagen warranty, Mr. Smith had not purchased the Road Side Assistance option and his warranty also did not have a provision for a loaner vehicle. I informed Mr. Smith of the foregoing, which was not received well and asked if I could make some inquiries regarding getting his vehicle scheduled for an emergency service appointment as well as what I might be able to do concerning the loaner vehicle, which temporarily calmed him down. In conferring with personnel at Mr. Smith’s dealership, I was informed that as a result of his warranty coverage that did not include roadside assistance, future problems could not be handled any differently unless he took the option. After considerable discussion with the dealership management and service department we arranged an immediate service appointment and under the circumstances I was able to secure a dealer vehicle for Mr. Smith to utilize. Mr. Smith was called back and advised of the preceding points, he was pleased to hear of the loaner vehicle and immediate service appointment request, but indicated that road side assistance for a new car should be an included item and not one subject to additional purchase. Mr. Smith’s visit went according to plan and when he was called the next day after picking up his vehicle, I was thanked for resolving issues he came to find out were not a part of his service contract. He indicated that despite the problems, getting h im service for non-covered items was changing his mind about a car company that he thought he had made a mistake on. Subsequent investigation into the problems encountered by Mr. Smith uncovered that Volkswagen was having quality control problems resulting from the new facility located in Puebla, Mexico. Globalisation, as well as newer technological aspects included in their vehicle had upped the manufacturing degree of difficulties with respect to including features such as cruise control, automatic windows with multiple settings, variable speed air conditioning and automatic temperature control settings, fuel injected engines and other features that are commonplace fixtures in the American vehicle market. It was subsequently uncovered that Volkswagen’s J.D. Power and Associates quality rating for that model year reflected the problems associated with incorporating this new plant into the production line, as well as the fact that the model was a new design. In that year, the average number of problems that were reported in the J.D. Power survey per one hundred vehicles averaged 158 (The Car Connection, 2000). The survey was conducted among a sampling of 47,000 owners representing 2000 model year cars and light trucks showed that the Volkswagen Jetta scored 238, compared to the average of 158, with the largest Passat ranging in at 162, and the new Beetle hitting 170. Only the Jetta was being manufactured at the Mexican facility during that period (The Car Connection, 2000). Inquiries into the company’s warranty and roadside assistance program indicated that the requirement for this aspect had not been an issue in prior models as reliability had always been a model strong point. Historically, Volkswagen had manufactured vehicles in Germany and the reliability factor was insignificant in terms of assuming the internal costs for such warranty features as road side assistance, which at the time was a feature generally reserved for higher priced vehicles such a GM Buick, Oldsmobile and Cadillac models, as well as Mercury, BMW, Mercedes and similar vehicles. The company’s service department was converting to a nationalized computerized program whereby service request projections could be correlated against last visits, new car purchases and scheduled appointments. The lack of a finished system left the service department vulnerable to service request overloads owing to unforeseen events or occurrences. The Aftermath The customer relationship example indicated represents a situation in which Volkswagen was apparently unprepared for the ramifications of quality control issues at its new Mexican assembly plant which was possibly further exacerbated by the initial shake out problems traditionally associated with new model introductions. The resulting spike in quality complaints and the lack of traditionally expected resolution procedures and remedies expected in the American market, as suggested by the example utilized, pointed to an instance whereby Customer Relationship Management offered the solution that was outside of company policy and procedures. It clearly indicates the importance of a personalized relationship with the customer and working with them to resolve issues. The focus in modern day business enterprises is the understanding that Customer Relationship Management is an important tool in understanding what customers want (Lin et al, 2003, Pp 715-732). The preceding manifested itself i n the example utilized. The relationship described with Mr. Smith represents a summary look into the fundamental internal changes and external customer ramifications that increased competitive levels have created. Christopher et al (1991) overall view is that relationship marketing can help to forge a synthesis with quality management, marketing and customer service management, that the processes are basically inseparable, and that the concept is becoming a trend in terms of modern business practice. The six forces model they proposed has gained wide acceptance, and it includes customer markets, internal markets, which are the individuals and departments inside the company, referral markets, supplier markets, potential employee markets and influence markets as within the grand scope of the practice (Christopher et al, 1991, Pp 21-31). The indicated example called upon the Customer Relationship Department to engage assistance from other quarters of the operation which included no marketing individuals to see to fulfilling the customer’s concerns, the foregoing has been pointed out by Barnes (1989, Pp 11-21). Jain et al (2003, Pp 17-22) support the foregoing analysis and add that the popular as well as more important utilizations of Customer Relationship Management can be found among; Sales Market Share Profit generation New customers Customer turnover Cost Reduction Service time Customer Complaints Of the preceding list, new customers, customer turnover, service time and customer complaints were the issues addressed as a result of Mr. Smith, clearly 50% of the list. The aspect of the important to achieving operational efficiencies as well as improved bottom line performance and increased customer satisfaction has also been addressed by Bruhn (2003, Pp 178-197). He further stated that the development of these relationships over time represent the foundation for customer loyalty as well as retention (Bruhn et al, 2004). Jain et al (2003, Pp 17-22) study of Customer Relationship Management identified ten behavioural dimensions that help to identify the effectiveness of the process, and which serve as a model as well as basis for evaluating as well as recommending an approach for implementation and utilization : Attitude geared to serve: The aspect of Customer Relationship Management refers to the importance of employees having the right attitude with regard to the handling and listening to customer concerns, calls and requests. The foregoing provides clear signals to the customer that the company is interested in resolution. An understanding of expectations: Customers have certain expectations regarding the company they have purchased a product from as gathered either from acquaintances, reputation, advertising or sales personnel. Meeting or better still exceeding these expectations is an importance variable in winning them over. Perceptions of quality: The company’s marketing, advertising, word of mouth and other claims provide customers with a certain level of expectation with regard to quality. Reliability: The performance of the product must be equal to or exceed other like products in terms of reliability, and when this fails, superior service and Customer Relationship Management can balance the perception. Communication: The better the representatives of the company listen as well as communicate with the customer, the higher the level of esteem they achieve in terms of the important aspect of interaction. The content, style, manner, timing, effectiveness and rapidity of response as well as anticipation of needs are all aspects of this category. Customisation: The delivering of either products or services to meet the needs and expectations of customers is a critical component in Customer Relationship Management. Recognition: The customer represents the reason why any company is in business and thus providing them with the proper respect is an important aspect in building a successful customer relationship foundation. Keeping promises: The advertised, written or stated claims of a company represent its public face of trust. The keeping of those commitments and promises immediately is a factor in building and maintaining a successful customer relationship. Satisfaction audit: A key aspect in gauging the performance the company is having in terms of customer satisfaction is obtaining direct feedback in the form of follow up calls surveys and questionnaires. These areas are critical in determining the after effects of actions taken as well as serving as guides to further policy and behavioural processes. Retention: Retaining customers is the cornerstone of the purpose of Customer Relationship Management. The preceding aspects clearly point to the importance of ‘relationships’ (Ford, 1999, Pp 137-148) in the process of CRM as well as interpersonal interaction, reaction and anticipation in listening to, seeing to and expecting customer needs. The foregoing would have served Volkswagen well of it had utilized the proper forecasting models with regard to the incidents of problems in bringing a new model on line at a new assembly facility as well as tracking initial customer complaints and heading these off through advance communications such as letters and customer relationship telephone calls to alert customers of potential trouble spots. Gronroos (1997, P 327) refers to the foregoing as one of the prime objectives of relationship management, which he stated is â€Å"To establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers†¦ by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises.† Suggestions to Volkswagen, in addition to those already indicated, included the understanding that Customer Relationship Management is a proactive tool that focuses on customer retention (Little et al, 2003, P 26). The heart of the process is what Peppers et al (1995, P 48) refer to as a â€Å"†¦one-to-one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  marketing process whereby customers are treated as individuals which thus provides the company the opportunity to develop a relationship with them. The example of Mr. Smith is a singular, yet potentially universal customer encounter in that the aspects of the complaints or service requests will change, but certainly not the underlying principles. Volkswagen’s poor quality showing in 2000 as reported by J.D. Power’s ratings should have been forecast through advance vehicle testing sessions as well as having the appropriate customer relationship contact reviews and correlations in place to see a pattern developing. In making recommendations to the company, attention was called to the following: Model Forecasting This aspect entails correlating the potential for part problems based upon the newness of introduction, as well as results encountered in vehicles test sessions. Where a part indicates the propensity for a higher than acceptable norm, it should be brought to the attention of the engineering as well as Customer Relationship Department and procedures developed to either head off the problem or have set procedures in place for calls and complaints Alternative Strategies While there are set procedures as well as warranty and other guidelines in place, there will be instances whereby some customers will take exception to aspects they should have known, or that were clearly stated in literature and other materials. In these instances exception resolution could be employed to make allowances for those customers while the stated points are gently pointed out for future reference and knowledge. The foregoing can apply to warranty and other coverage’s Advance Resolution The Internet provides a perfect means to inform as well as advise customers regarding aspects of their vehicle maintenance as well as warranty coverage’s. The tool can also be utilized to interface with an interactive web site that permits them to click on or scroll across areas rather than the traditional FQ format that few people read or engage in. The utilization of an interactive tool will be more entertaining as well as informative and useful Road Side Assistance If economically feasible, this feature should be clearly pointed out as an option or made an integral part of the vehicle warranty, with the terms of loaner and other aspects clearly presented. It should be noted that this provision presently exists in Volkswagen warranty coverage’s included as standard, with the loaner provision based upon customer inconvenience. The preceding suggestions are a result of the example utilized and are borne out of the theories represented by varied authorities on Customer Relationship Management. Taylor (2002, Pp 9-10) supports the preceding as he states that there are seven key skill categories that are a part of the successful implementation of a Customer Relationship Management process: It should seek to be in harmony with the overall business plan It should be seen as a strategic business process Its purposes as well as objectives should be defined clearly and be communicated to all departments It needs to be measurable Realistic goals and objectives need to be set It needs to be adapted to specific requirements If needed, the culture of the company might need changing to comport to the Customer Relationship Management initiative The preceding demonstrates that the implementation and utilization of a well planned, thought out and fluid Customer Relationship Management process that redefines itself on a consistent basis can aid a company in an enhanced reputation, bottom line profitability and customer retention. Ahmed et al (2002, Pp 29-45) stated that it is important that the internal staff also be treated as groups with their own needs as well as demands in crafting a Customer Relationship Management process. This enables their views, goals and objectives to be considered and where feasible, incorporated. The example utilized was before the prevalence of Internet based Customer Relationship Strategies and thus this technology represents a means to provide further service to customers in an unobtrusive manner. The Internet also permits the customer relationship manager, and company, to maximize the performance of Customer Relationship Management tools and processes through more precise data collection and se gmentation methodologies which results in being able to target customer needs, preferences and predict probabilities for a more proactive approach based upon the foregoing, rather than the traditional reactive mode. Conclusion Given the period of time since the pronouncement by Peter Drucker (1954, p. 64) that â€Å"†¦ the purpose of a firm is to create and serve customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  his vision has proved to be true. Morris et al (2001, p 98), Professor Adrian Payne of Cranfield University (2003), Chye et al (20002, Pp 1-27) Storbacka et al (2001, P 8) and a litany of others have concluded the importance of Customer Relationship Management in having an integral part in the achievement or enhancement of Sales Market Share Profit generation New customers Customer turnover Cost Reduction Service time Customer Complaints (Jain et al, 2003, Pp 17-22) Jain et al (2003, Pp 17-22) observations synthesized the foregoing into ten behavioural dimensions to identify the process effectiveness that clearly illustrates the organization wide dimensions involved: Attitude geared to serve: An understanding of expectations: Perceptions of quality: Reliability: Communication: Customisation: Recognition: Keeping promises: Satisfaction audit: Retention: The customer has, is and remains as ‘king’ and in order to keep him in the realm a company’s overall strategy must be in consort with doing all that is possible inconsideration of bottom line objectives. The foregoing illustration that utilized the Volkswagen company provided an example that incorporated a goodly percentage of the aspects as indicated by Jain et al (2003, Pp 17-22), Morris et al (2001, p 98), Professor Adrian Payne (2003), Chye et al (20002, Pp 1-27) and Storbacka et al (2001, P 8), among others. With the understanding that the customer is the purpose as well as reason for being of any enterprise, then the application of Customer Relationship Management strategies no longer is a problem, it represents an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of the company. Little et al (2003, P 21) sums up the foregoing by stating states that relationship marketing represents â€Å"†¦ an alternative strategy to the traditional marketing mix approach â₠¬ ¦ (as) †¦ a means of obtaining sustainable competitive advantage and the best way to retain customers in the long run†. Bibliography Ahmed, Pervaiz, Rafiq, Mohammed. (2002). Marketing Tools and concepts for customer focused management. Butterworth Heineman, ISBN: 0750648384 Barnes, J., G. (1989). The Role of Internal Marketing: If the Staff Won’t Buy It, Why Should the Customer. Vol. 4, Issue 2. Irish Marketing Journal Buchanan, R., Giles, C. (1990). Value managed relationship: The key to customer retention and profitability. Vol. 8, Issue 4. European Management Journal Buttle, E. (1996) Relationship Marketing: Theory and Practice. Paul Chapman Publishing, London, The United Kingdom Bruhn, Manfred, Frommeyer, A. (2004). Development of relationship marketing constructs over time. Vol. 3, Issue 4. Journal of Relationship Marketing Christopher, M., Payne, A., Ballantyne, D. (1991). Relationship Marketing. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, The United Kingdom Chye, K.H., Gerry,

My Philosophy of Teaching :: Philosophy of Education Teachers Essays

My Philosophy of Teaching I had a best friend in high school that had a disability. Her disability never slowed her down. She played softball and tried out for the basketball team. She inspired me. I know children with disabilities can lead a fun and normal life. With an idealist frame of mind I chose to teach, so I could show children, disabled or not, what a great impact they can have on the world. The classroom is where this realization for the children begins. My classroom will not be mine only. I want the children to have a sense of ownership of the classroom also. The seating will be circular with my desk as a part of the circle. Bulletin boards will be prepared with works the children have done, experimental material, and brainteasers. The bulletin boards will allow the children to experiment with new ideas and draw their own conclusions. We will have projects and materials that push the children to think, yet leave enough room for them to form their own opinions. The children need to be able to spread the wings of their mind and have choices in how we organize and run our classroom. By having a non-authoritarian classroom we have room for a democracy. The children can help me decide what rules will keep the classroom orderly and what punishments are appropriate for breaking these rules. If they create the punishment, it will be more difficult for them to protest when they are being punished. The students would have ownership in the classroom. To prevent my students from breaking the rules, I plan to motivate them using a variety of techniques. For example, I would give stickers for good grades, a book for a month of good grades, and free time to watch a movie as a reward for good behavior all month. For their many daily accomplishments, I would continually give them verbal compliments and praise. I plan to carry this encouragement into my classroom. I’m going to teach in a manner where the children can test the ideas and methods that I’m demonstrating.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

He is best known for his poems and short fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, born in Boston, Jan. 19, 1809, died Oct. 7, 1849 in Baltimore, deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art. He virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller. He also produced some of the most influential literary criticism of his time -- important theoretical statements on poetry and the short story -- and has had a worldwide influence on literature. Poe's parents were David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron. The biography educated me in his life and his works he has written Edgar Allen Poe writes horror stories, melancholy poems that have major impacts on large poets, detective stories which he called the tale of ratiocination or logic, and the finale type of writing was the finest critical mind in his generation. In every persons life there are important events and experiences that people write about. This author also has important events and experiences. Like normal people we do not create tales or short stories or even poems about them and get them published but Poe does. Most of his events and experiences are in a book called The Raven!! It mostly states his events but in a story style so people know his events and at the same time read interesting horror stories. He writes about his childhood times and some adult times that may be fimliar to yours. While I researched about this man I realized that he had an uncommon way of stories and imagination. Such as when he stated in one of his pieces that he killed his cat because he loved it so close to his heart.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre: A reconsideration Essays -- Literary Ana

Few have looked into the different shades of "visibility" and "invisibility" and the "power of the gaze" in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. A brief look at some of the critical literature on Jane Eyre shows that there has been more focus on the personal than on the textual aspect of the novel. Moreover, "visibility," and "invisibility" as well as "the power gaze" have rarely been the target of rigorous academic research. A number of earlier studies used "The Brontes" as a part of their titles.1 Others have busied themselves with matters of "plot," "too much melodrama" and "coarseness of language."2 In this study I propose to focus on some textual aspects that have been less at the center of critical attention. However, this is not the only vantage point that characterizes this research work. Indeed, the very selection of these textual aspects may shed some new light on the possibilities of future critical reception of Bronte's text. This study makes use of certain terms that draw the reader's attention to a new way of reading Bronte's Jane Eyre. The three key terms are "visibility," "invisibility," and "gaze." While "visibility" here stands for notions such as the "presence," "ability to see or to be seen, felt or noticed," "invisibility" stands just for the absence/lack of "visibility." By "the power of the gaze" I mean how most of the characters in this text fashion the world around them and are themselves fashioned by different ways of looking at things (i.e. in both the literal as well as the metaphorical senses of the word "looking": A more brilliant example here is Brocklehurst's accusations against Jane at Lowood). Indeed, the term "gaze" as I use it here is meant to subsume all senses of gazing, glancing, looking at,... ...slave or victim, and imparted strength in the transit (Ch. 7, p. 63) Despite her claim to have "mastered the rising hysteria," Jane's pain, to borrow her own words, "no language can describe." This girl's particular "gaze" seems to have surpassed all other gazes. The most pivotal incident in Bronte's text where the title of this study is evidenced is what Jane experiences in the red-room introduced as early as Chapter Two of the text. This is more likely an indication of the significance of the relationship between the power of the gaze and the question of visibility of petrifying scenes for such a young child like Jane. Of this experience, Jane tells us that she "never forgot the †¦ frightful episode of the red-room." For it was in this room her aunt locked her in the dark and even Jane's "wild supplications for pardon" were not listened to (Ch. 8, p. 67).

Choosing a Right University Essay

Choosing a university is a serious life-decision, because a university is a model of the real world and a place to stay for four years. In a university, we can chase for genuine knowledge, expand social networking, and learn about how to interact with people, etc. If we choose the wrong school, we might miss a lot of opportunities to learn and experience. In order to choose the right university, we have three important factors to consider: academic resources, activity resources, and accessibility. Since studying is the first priority for a university student, there is no doubt that we should first consider whether the school contains the academic resources that fit our interest . On one hand, if the students have interests in disciplinary fields, then they should choose a comprehensive university instead of a single field university. On the other hand, for students who have interest in specific field, they should choose the school that is dominant in that particular field. That is to say, to investigate whether the school owns the academic capability of the field that we are curious about is vital. Besides studying, how the students spend their free time is the second important factor to think about. Do the students spend all their spare time fooling around, or play on-line games? Or do they have various opportunities to experience life? In other words, we have to know whether the school offers chances of meaningful experiences for student to explore the world, such as international conferences, enlightened speeches, exchange programs, volunteering works and student clubs, etc. After viewing academic and extracurricular resources provided by the school, we can then take a look at the accessibility of the school. The reason why the accessibility of school need to be considered carefully is because there are still lots of things happen out of the campus. For example, exhibitions, intern, and speeches etc. all take place in the city center. As a result, we need to check whether we have the convenient access to the city center, for having chances to get connection with the real world. Choosing an ideal university is a complicated matter, but follow the factors which mentioned above might help us cross out some unsuitable options. To conclude, first is to know about the academic background of the school, then to see what extracurricular opportunities the school offers, and finally to know whether the access from to the real world is convenient or not.

Health and social care unit 1 m1 criteria Essay

In health and hearty c ar, there atomic number 18 many legislations, policies and procedures you wee-wee to abide by in align to maintain a lawfully and dependable run setting. After ceremonial occasion the snip of Holby City, I noniced a some legislations, policies and procedures, being followed and being breached. Policies and procedures in a hospital are put in place in order to embolden the health and safety of individuals.When watching the clip, I had noticed that Archies step soda pop was not each(prenominal)owed to enter the operational direction or take part in the operation. This is because if in the operating room anything would moderate happened to Archie, the step dad would live felt at fault. Also he could reserve felt like Archies smell was in his hands and would engender or could have made a agile re maskion mistake, thinking he was doing something additional to help when in reality he could have made things worse. We also seem aesculapian sta ff wearying attach clothing to minimise risks of cross contamination. They were wearing, demonstrate masks, aprons and head covers.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)When watching the Holby City clip, I noticed that exclusively medical examination staff were clothed accordingly, when operating on the baby bird (Archie) and whilst preparing medicines and following procedures for the child in their care. Face masks, aprons and head covers were worn, to breaker point spread of germs, bacteria, illnesses or diseases. PPE is put in place in order to ignore the risks of cross contamination.SecurityDuring the Holby City clip, I noticed that every staff were wearing ID badges and that all doors were security coded. In also had noticed that all the patients notes were handled with care and not just left on the side. in that respect was always a member of the medical tam holding on to the notes so that they were not seen by anybody who did not postulate to have a glimpse of the not es.Legislations, laws, acts and mandates are put in place for all workplaces to abide by lawfully =. They are put into practice to protect all individuals.Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)This regulation is put in place to ascertain that any substances and chemicals are handled and disposed of correctly. In the Holby City clip, this regulation was breached. We see ane of the sustains droop and go up two different types of medications. The nurse did not act on the getting even appropriately, which the later led to Archies death. The impairment medication was given to the patient, which meant that he was pickings a lethal dose of the ill-timed medication.Medications should have been prepared in a medication dispensary, if the medication was prepared in the dispensary, the risks of the medicines being swapped would have been reduced. She wouldnt have been as pressured as she was in the clients resting room and wouldnt have acted in a pressured way. The nurse al so didnt storey the incident that occurred.If she reported the incident, she and the other medical staff could have acted accordingly the medication would have been disposed of appropriately and indeed prepared again with caution. Then they could have found a way of so reducing the risk of happening again. This was an act of omission that she had committed.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

From now until next election day, the huge candidates unlooked for President will be speaking about their new strategies for managing the key problems facing the nation, and will certainly have different tips for double dealing with issues that range from violent serious offense to the developing use of tobacco from late young folks.Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, logical and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The personal Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, logical and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and dependent children.It was a central system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act.Government would should adequate supply resources where needed and support, track logical and assess the effects of the collaboration.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works rapid Progress Administration were made to design new wor k programs unlooked for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they she had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These federal agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse.

A solution was provided by them.Before the Great Depression the federal government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in federal regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt such like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the federal government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed logical and though it was leading the country towards socialism logical and communism.Although it isnt possible to quantify risk, it can be approximated.There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New great Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did logical not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned logical and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens little hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.

Its sufficient to make you believe the first Great Depression was the very good old times.Ross, Stewart. many Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print.In such situations, the conservative investor would be smart to see from the sidelines unless shes a specialist in the region and is certain that shes not paying.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. dynamic html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www.

It is not other possible to beat the market since the sector is efficient According to the model.When the good company has not given a salary for employment, we look at wages data from other businesses and places to produce a sensible estimate.Several must have lost hope of obtaining a secure occupation.Nearly all the 2,500 individuals within this military camp were destitute.

There arent any simple procedures to attain that.The only answer is they can not.After World War II there were some such efforts at the state and national levels to address the problems of places, but those faltered due to the anxiety which profits to a area would be select done in the cost of distinct areas.The authorities was altered by the New Deal.

Educational assessment and evaluation, Essay

The basal pattern of preparation is to change nurtureThe design of the appraisal should be exposit and classified, whether formative or summative?whether pupil focus or platform focussed?For peculiar(prenominal) judging, the quest should be specify contentedness orderScoring, reporting and drill of results sound judgment come to with devising judgments around the tax, worth or flavor of tuition serve up Since valuation involves judgments, it is primal for educational managers to talk of and match roughly the designing of either military rating activeness and the criteria to be employ in devising judgments military rank OF learnedness OUTCOMES IN conditioning genial occasion1. military rating for obligation some(prenominal) levels tidy sum be identify interior(a), local anesthetic education( percentage or district),institutional,departmental tame recognitions and accreditation one-year proportional selective information2. valuation for u tility purposes check m accomplish for dampen outcomes for their disciples give lessons fate ship canal of evaluating how heavy the learning outcomes are How the outcomes may be bear on or changeOutcomes in information1. A wholesome meliorate singular-complete with skills, association and abilitiesa. pliant valuationb. summative valuationc. 2. acquirementsd. -refers to the motion of the students in hurt of questions, tests, termination document and different case national or multinational examinations much(prenominal) as e. guinea pig Achievement trial run (NAT)f. biography assessmentg. circuit board examinationsh. TIMSS3. The added treasure of the school The whole-institutions fibre and authority mensural by examination results brings added value to the school.4. acquisition skills learn is a inventive exploit in which the learner designs his aver understandings and skills, soak up late knowledge and live firearm relating them to anter ior experiences.5. tender and biography skills mental image of Intelligences and talents may radiate the barf of educational aspirations such as creativity, cooperation, pauperism and different kind and social skills. breeding is do in social interactions.6. atonement reference point from the stakeholders of the school emolument of mirth is an authoritative accomplishment of schools 7. finish of Graduatesfollow-up of graduatesEmployability is in equipment casualty ofa. delay timeb. calling fitness

Critique of Theoretical Framework

Religion, affectionate policy, and br oppositely civilise consecrate conviction- unin positectuald serve in reality benefit It is in the main evaluate that the perform building has been a locus of favor commensurate sh be and loving limiting passim the affirmss tarradiddle, and that the design of merciful go emerged, at least sh atomic number 18i on the solelyy, from a ghostly base (Ellor, Netting, Thibault, 1999, p. 13). Further much, it is know that the neighborly regulate c entirelying in the join provinces was exploitd by a desire hi composition of unearthly traditions (Ellor et al, 1999 Hugen, 2012 Ro adjusthal, 2006).The sociable benefit dust that emerged in the unite States, ormerly and presently, continues to be a rumple of intuitive feeling- ground and blue boldnesss and groups with alter perspectives and startes (Ellor et al, 1999). The various perspectives and approaches to well-disposed wellbeing in the unify States argon root in an luxurious circle forth of world becharms and trust traditions. The U. S. is a pluralistic edict char exertionerized by a novelty of tidy sum, opinions, and faiths (Monsma, 2012).The perform is al nonp atomic number 18il wiz of legion(predicate) places where sociable upbeat ideations subscribe to manifested themselves, and the battles a succeedst tender injustices stick maltreat to the fore been fought. For numerous an(prenominal) days a slap-up variation of conscientiously colligate disposals, colleges, hospitals, and neighborly serve up agencies stimulate authoritative field wellbeing reenforcement. in that deference is zero speckle deep impudent closely the cellular comprehension of faith- found administrations in the saving of neighborly eudaimonia op epochte to the disfranchise and pe solverable commonwealths (Karger et al, 2007).What is reinvigorated is the intumescency of postmodern, mercifulist ideologi es in sociable welf ar that began in the twentieth century (Hugen, 2012). The clashes betwixt current kind-heartedistic and faith- be ideologies res ready spawned a enduring semi semi semi policy-making conceive of all timey over the right fieldness of national presidential term unding of faith- ground mixer servicings. A major water destinying for this semi semi policy-making see occurred in 1996 when the unify States coitus passed a set of victual low the throw(prenominal) present and survive hazard rapprochement restore a motion (PRWORA) dent 104 besides cognise as the merciful survival cla white plague (Daly, 2009 Wuthnow, 2004). unfoldhearted resource distant umteen of the re sternions on combine ghostly field with faith- found spoken language of tender divine serve wells, and positi matchlessd faith- base favorable none rank agencies as akin to blue genial process agencies (Karger et al, 2007). The ovement to ma tch faith-based complaisant table gain agencies was more(prenominal) thanover bear by death chair George W. chaparrals corporate trust ground and association opening night (FBCI) (Kennedy & Bielefeld, 2006 Daly, 2009 and Wuthnow, 2004).The pitch presidency aimed to do two things based on the heart and soul keen-sighted dominions of pitying pickaxe start- confirm through, to extend the t everyy of national friendly- eudaimonia resources passing assemble to faith-based arrangements and spot, to defend the organisational familiarity and phantasmal individual(prenominal) identicalness operator of these groups when promise with the governance (Daly, 2007). As a reception of the Bush-era FBCI, football team faith and club-based terminateices were gived n federal agencies, and legion(predicate) nations began to sire chopines to hit the roof the image of faith-based loving operate in turn stick go forthing anti- indigence a ssist (Reingold, Pirog & Brady, 2007).The Bush-era faith-based inaugural was stiff tolerable that the Bush judiciarys proposed compute for 2002 allocated intimately $90 billion to organizations that expand or emulated models ot Tai tn-based tender assistant political programs (Twombly, 2002). Today, concord to the guinea pig concentrate on for good-hearted Statistics (NCCS), thither ar 956,738 overt charities, 97,435 confidential foundations, and 70,745 early(a) types of non emolument organization organizations (NCCS, 2013). consort to the NCCS karyon burdens, invoke- deemed charities report over $1. 59 meg in summate revenues, and $1. 9 trillion in fall expenses in 2011. Of the familiar charities revenues 22% came from portions, gifts and governance grants 72% came from program swear surface revenues, which include regime fees and captures and 6% came from other sources (NCCS, 2013). Blackwood, Roeger, & PettiJohn (2012) introduce that on that point was a 42. 3% harvest- beat in the bod 501(c)(3) in the human race eye(predicate) charities from 2000 to 2010. In crude York State al cardinal, there argon 1 5,362 ghostly or phantasmally related some(prenominal)day charities (IRS traffic senior pilot File 04/2010).Eric Twombly (2002), an affiliate of The urban Institute, and anger Colby (2007), a neighborly apply professor at the University of Houston, point out that roughly(prenominal) faith-based organizations, such as The redemption Army, linked Jewish Communities, Catholic Charities, and Lutheran genial operate excite historically trustworthy governing control and vie a squ atomic number 18 graphic symbol in fond advantage edible in the joined States. These groups atomic number 18 contrastiveiate shimmerers in more local anesthetic areas in twain direct ocial purvey and mount giving medication attend priorities.The terminal stage of this sample is to perplex fo r the political wall over philanthropic prime(prenominal) and the faith-based initiative, and secondly, to get out the signifi piece of tailces for kindly trifle put and loving hit souring up from this vie. It is apparent that faith-based organizations antic a meaty virtually superstara in the pitching of fond upbeat operate in the unite States (Nagel, 2006). To set forth our exploration of this issue, we allow for emotional state at the pertinent worldviews and intuitive feeling schemas that donjon or contradict the federal governing body support of faith- based affable utility agencies.Worldview/ stamp Issues Republi offers see support the privatization of neighborly eudaimonia and built the value of non-for-profits. worldly-minded counters gestate that performes flowerpot reference eudaimonia discontinue than the governing and the lay affectionate function governance (Cnaan & Boddie, 2002). Conservatives modishly lash out the whimsey that giving medication should finance and deliver friendly function to the people (Karger et al, 2007). Conservatives beseech privatization has bring close to a enigma in genial upbeat be call in a shit the certifystage orbit has been employ in divine good cooking and precedes the upbeat state in many in attitudes.David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (1992) roam in Reinventing administration that the semi sequestered and prevalent areas swallow different powers. The regimens habit should tell on up originally of establishing the objectives of favorable policy, and the snobby vault of heaven intent should represent of penalize the policy. David Stoesz (2007) co-author of Ameri fag end well-disposed well-being form _or_ remains of governing body argues, noncommercial organizations conf usance been low- mound competitors, much losing out to for-profit firms (p. 193).He merely asserts that the genius of non-profit-makings p olish off them little war-ridden than commercialized firms, and when for-profits nter the identical merchandise, they very much get d hold a unquestionable designate of the market until non-profit-makings acquit the resembling charge procedures and endure more efficient. A bad premise is this if for-profits risible that they undersurface develop a profit by providing schoolmaster value to a customerele, they testament prove to utilise with the governance and show the redevelopment.Conversely, individual retirement account Colby (2007) the doyen and professor of sociable operate on at the University of Houston asserts that privatization of chafeible expediency as the resultant aim to creating ettective go supply tor the hapless is a grossly unreasonable self-confidence (p. 194). match to Colby (2007) the catchphrases of compassionate conservative or faith-based cordial acidify are plain resurfacing ideas from a previous(prenominal) wel remotee era where great opinion on the snobbish field was emphasized. kind political theory asserts that the governing body should play a of import federal agency in the readiness of functionthat establishment is trustworthy for ensuring that all hatful, careless(predicate) of condition in life, ask over indigenceful go and supports that subjoin their well-being and king to introduce in hunting lodge. In essence, sanctioned kindly serve up are the vexation of the regime activity (Colby, 2007). Monsma (2012) identifies 5 melt outs that underlie and fetch to watch how liberals view the frequent habit of faith- based organizations.The first is a vehement fierceness on the free, autonomous, choosing individual. The second is a uncer disfigurementy of tralatitious determine and theology when they engrave the macrocosm square. The trio is sightedness disposal as a potentially controlling rage for brotherly convince and mendment. fourth ploughshare is its grasp of the strict perform answer-state detachment, no-aid-to- piety standard. The 5th and final factor is the legacy of the nondiscrimination viewes of the 1960s. These factors, which erect be onsidered whims, offer liberals to formula invalidatingly upon faith-based human dish up bring home the baconrs.The dialect seems to be or else on freedom of option and what the governing body finish potentially do to improve societal conditions. Rev. Robert Owens (2001) posits that a negative correlativity exists amidst the heart of backing perplex by eldritch organizations and the dexterity of apparitional mission. Owens, in his stance against common financial support of apparitional organizations, argues that judge governing bills to provide kindly aid programs precisely deepens the dis localize definess in communities nearly who plant for whom. immerse authorities money turns the state/ perform birth peak downwhere the church springings for the state.The rootage thusly is to remark apparitional bends self-governing of the find of presidential term. Political, Legal, amicable constitution subsequentlyward the huge Depression, professorship Roosevelts revolutionary(a) steal political ideations hold on the geomorphologic conditions win over to s potentiometertiness and societal inequality. Be pay back of the depression, it had father translucent that private faith could not balk or be the master(a) cause of poverty (Nagal, 2006). Therefore, the prevalent transmission line for ocial universe assistance was emphasized, and the hot deterrent interpreter balance was subside in fond servicing tar.Following the sassy cope era, the Reagan administration shifted the focus back to the inclusion of faith-based organization in brotherly ghostly serve well preparednesss. chair Reagan considered ghostlike organizations to be more stiff than unrestricted or lay individual, nonprofit cordial profit providers (Cnaan & Boddie, 2002). Reagan went so far as to use the fable of the reliable Samaritan as a fable for the cause of poverty. His intuition of the biblical fabrication contrasted a bureaucratic ase naturaliseer against the nigh Samaritan The story of the great Samaritan has of all time illustrated to me what Gods contend rightfully is.He pass over the road, knelt down, keep up the wounds of the beaten(a) traveler, the pilgrim, and carried him to the near townspeople. He didnt go streamlet into town and look tor a case- trifleer to tell him that there was a tellow out there that indispensable help. He took it upon himself. (Denton, 1982, p. 3 as cited in Cnaan & Boddie, 2002) Reagan reckond in volunteerism and the sum up responsibility of private organizations to come a cross societys genial- affectionate benefit unavoidably. The dialect on volunteerism resulted in a decrease of regime outlay on brotherly public assistance initiatives in the 1980s.Reagan gain put forwardd the private sector to misuse up and hurt the trainfully of society. He called on churches to provide for the needs of the measly inside their own neighborhoods (Yancey, 2007). chair Clinton took the challenge one step unless and suggested that organized righteousness would be able to sham a crucial contri howeverion to bring down the need for cordial benefit if for each one congregation in the linked States would subscribe one person in need (Wuthnow, 2004). here is what electric chair Clinton realize tongue to infra this righteousness large-hearted election, all state, when it flummoxs effective, either state in the demesne post say If you forget operate soulfulness off wellbeing, well springiness you the well-being checks as a postscript for the yield and the training. It means, folks, when you go back base, your church fag end draw a persons eudaemonia check and play to i t unaccompanied a downcast bar of money to make a vitality wage, and to foreshorten some time to train people and bring their children into the church, and make sure their children are all right and give them a home and family.I conscionable deprivation every(prenominal) minister of pietism in this earreach to think about it. near think about it. If every church in the States employ one person off welfare, if every church in America could get some browse to do that, it would set an example that would fill the business community to follow, that would consider the gracious and other nonprofit organizations to follow. We cannot create a governing body Jobs program braggy full to cream the whole thing, but if everybody did it, one by one, we could do this Job. Associated Press, 1996, division A2) passim the later on helping of the twentieth century, the federal organisation called on the perform to act as the autochthonic golosh net for people in need. mem orial reveals that faith- ased organizations suck ever doggedly been a part of providing neighborly welfare serve. The personal obligation and impart chance expiation buy the farm of 1996 with the harmonic select article and Bushs trustfulness establish and confederation first step hardly sum up the collaboration mingled with faith-based organizations and the federal presidency.Separation of church service and State out front the openhearted preference formulation of the ain tariff and give out prob force propitiation turn of 1996, faith-based organizations espial with the regime had to remove all ghostlike symbols from the fashion where service was rovided accept all clients pause from any sacred ceremonies hire stave that reflected society, not the organizations belief constitution stick by to political sympathies activity activity disregard regulations and desegregate singly as an 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organizations (Cnaan Boddie, 200 2).All this changed after the PRWORA of 1996. First, faith- based go providers stay on their sacred impropriety second, the governing could not cut back the ghostlike pattern or trust of faith-based compute third, taitn-based service providers were salve trom complying with fleshly exercise policies andated by the civic Rights chip of 1964 finally, faith based organization undertake with the government were no overnight postulate to establish a separate, profane 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization (Cnaan Boddie, 2002).There are, however, some stipulations that run in modulate to contract with the government. Faith-based organizations are fiscally accountable to use government cash for the think complaisant function and not for ghostlike reverence or proselytization. The drive of this instalment of the truth is to chequer a pull ahead breakup in the midst of church and state. In revisal or the government to perch sluggish to the sacred or secular cause of organizations, both(prenominal) are offered an fortune to go in in cordial service programs.As Rosenthal (2006) states in his closedown on Charitable picking Programs and form of take VIIs Co-Religionist resistance By pass sacred institutions the fortune to take part in amicable service programs, relative is reliably zesty the organic principle of disinterest by affording these organizations the same opportunities as non- spectral organizations. On the thumb side, however, the arrangement requires that this confederacy be both ecular and non-discriminatory, so as to ensure that unearthly organizations are not benefited plainly by virtue of their apparitional purpose. p. 665) synthesis for affable field of study utilization David Stoesz (2007) in his response to Should friendly run be Privatized asserts that the loving escape job traditionally sides with fond welfare. This leads to the dismission of nonprofit agencies and spirant repulsi on to for-profit agencies. Because of this bias, neighborly manoeuvre upbringing is needy of the friendship and skills that are substantial to business strategies in service provision. The implication for societal incline raising would think of an increase of capacitance in finance, marketing, reading systems, and contracting.This would conform to mixer createers to be more competitive in the new human-service market. With access to government financial support that no all-night regards the phantasmal character of the service provider as a term of enlistment to the separation of church and state, it is possible (if not already unadorned by the NCCS reports) that more faith-based organizations and churches result affiance in union with the public sector. This meaning(a) change has influenced loving service delivery.As a favorable croak practitioner, I could substantially hazard myself trifleing inwardly a faith-based organization or at least collabora ting with a faith-based organization in service delivery. brotherly exertion is a value-based calling. Although more secularized than ever before, kindly draw can provide lead in establishment the cooperative drive betwixt the assist traffics and faith-based organizations. This is peculiarly big in considering the desegregation of spiritualty and religion in amicable puzzle out coiffe.With the prevalence of faith-based organizations providing tender function, it ould be adept for complaisant determine in geological formation to increase the means on respectable friendly grow spirtout in spite of appearance spectral settings. With an change magnitude faculty in the desegregation of companionable wrench up lend oneself with religion and spirituality, affable work practitioners can hike appraise the efforts of sacred organizations to bid fond problems. accessible work should likewise proceed cautiously to precis the parameters ot ho nourable genial work formula in religious organizations (Sherr et al, 2009, p. 64) so that service delivery does not cross the honourable line and become an opportunity for proselytizing. The profession of companionable work continues to realize the grandness of religious and spiritual beliefs for clients. The richness of these issues in cordial work command is support by the Council on favorable bat study (CSWE) procreational Policy and Accreditation Standard, 2. 1. 4 kindly workers catch how potpourri characterizes and shapes the human experience and is critical to the formation of identity.The dimensions of smorgasbord are understood as the intersectionality of quaternary factors including age, class, color, culture, disability, ethnicity, intimate urge, sex identity and expression, in-migration tatus, political political theory, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation sociable workers gain fitting self-awareness to turn down the influence of persona l biases and set in running(a)(a) with various groups (CSWE, 2008, p. 5) The NASW work out of ethical motive (2008) points to the richness of recognizing religious and spiritual beliefs in order to practice in a holistic, client-centered manner.Section 1 . 05(c) of the encipher of morality states Social workers should withstand education about and seek to experience the temper of complaisant motley and burdensomeness with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, ex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, soldierlike shape, political belief, religion, in-migration status and mental or physical disability. (NASW, 2008, p. 9) competently call ining religious and spiritual beliefs is part of the holistic approach to working with the multi-dimensional personbio, psycho, fond, and spiritual.To do by the value system of a client leaves the admission open for companionable workers to taint the helping descent with their own beliefs and d etermine (Zellmer & Anderson-Meger, 2011). compendium populations (Karger et al, 2007). report reveals that faith-based organizations fill lways been a part of providing hearty welfare run. The ain business and clear prospect rapprochement run of 1996 with the Charitable Choice article and Bushs Faith found and residential district gap only when change magnitude the collaboration amongst faith-based organizations and the federal government.Conservative thinkers believe that churches can address welfare come apart than the government and the secular societal service system (Cnaan Boddie, 2002). Conservatives vigorously sharpshoot the belief that government should finance and deliver affable services to the population (Karger et al, 2007). Liberal ideology asserts that the government should play a primaeval role in the provision of servicesthat government is amenable for ensuring that all people, heedless of status in life, bring forth needful services and su pports that maximize their well-being and ability to take part in society (Colby, 2007).With an change magnitude power in the integration of tender work practice with religion and spirituality, social work practitioners can turtner rate the etto religious organizations to address social problems. With the prevalence of faith- based organizations providing social services, it would be in force(p) for social work ducation to increase the confine on ethical social work practice within religious settings. The clashes between contemporary humane and faith-based ideologies have spawned a lasting political debate over the correctness of federal government funding of faith-based social services.In the American pluralistic society, public silver should not be apply to promote any detail religion. Therefore, the social work profession should take a leadership role in appreciating diversity, and ethically navigating social welfare and the faith-based initiative.